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Boniface IX |
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An adroit and crafty entrepreneur, a scribe, `albreviator litterarum aposticlarum' in the papal curia from 1387 until 1417, the Canon survived political upheaval (during the Great Schism) serving Popes and pseudopopes Urban IV, Boniface IX, Alexander V, John XXIII and Martin V, always coming out on top. Precisely because the bianchi were orderly, carried no worrying ideological baggage, and lacked a charismatic leader like the earlier Venturino of Bergarno (1335), churchmen like Bishop Jacopo Fieschi of Genoa and, after some hesitation, Pope Boniface IX, embraced the movement and managed to reinforce the sacramental and miraculous elements of bianchi devotion. |
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