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in all other salamanders the collecting ducts bend caudally during development (Rodgers and Risley, 1938) and either anastomose and enter the cloaca (in the Plethodontidae and some Salamandridae; Francis, 1934; Baker, 1965; Strickland, 1966), anastomose and enter Wolthan ducts (in the Ambystomatidae, Amphiumidae, and some Salamandridae, Baker, 1945; Baker and Taylor, 1964; Baker, 1965), or enter the cloaca individually (in the Cryptobranchidae and Hynobiidae; Ratcliff, 1965; Yamagiwa, 1924).

The urogenital system of the male Rhyacotriton and the evolution of the male urogenital duct system in salamanders

Family/Host Species Locality Prevalence (1) Reference Amphiumidae Amphiuma tridactylum Louisiana 6/85 (7.1%) Bennett & Humes Plethodontidae (1938) Eurycea lucifuga Tennessee 1/549 (0.2%) This study Eurycea neotenes Texas 1/86 (1.2%) McAllister (1990) Salamandridae Notophthalmus Massachusetts 1/1 (100%) McAllister (1990) viridescens Sirenidae Siren sp.

A noteworthy infection of Clinostomum complanatum (Digenea: Clinostomidae) in a cave salamander, Eurycea lucifuga (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from northcentral Tennessee

Remarks -- The Clark Quarry vertebrae are assigned to the endemic North American salamander family Amphiumidae based on the presence of postzygapophyseal crests (Fig.

Amphiuma (Caudata: Amphiumidae) from the Pleistocene Clark Quarry local fauna of coastal Georgia

u/i, table 1) are found in other salamandrid genera (e.g., Salamandra), and in most other urodeles, with the exception of taxa with reduced (e.g., Amphiumidae, Sirenidae, Proteidae, which have lost digits and even entire limbs) or miniaturized limbs (e.g., Thorius, Nototriton, Bradytriton, Parvimolge, and Oedipina).

Morphological variation in the limbs of Taricha granulosa (Caudata: Salamandridae): evolutionary and phylogenetic implications