These telangiectasias, the hallmark of the disease, arise from the dilatation of postcapillary venules, which directly fuse with an arteriole, thus bypassing the capillary system.
Retinal arterial macroaneurysm (RAM) is an acquired dilatation of a retinal arteriole typically within the first three bifurcations that may occur with varying degrees of hemorrhage, edema, and exudation.
The basic functional unit of the liver is the hepatic lobule, which consists of portal triads (hepatic arteriole, portal venule, bile duct, lymphatics and branch of the vagal nerve) at the periphery that surround a central vein (Fig.
The 3-4 primary retinal vessels are large and very distinct, and it is not unusual to find that the dorsal arteriole and venule spiral around each other.
He walks readers through optic disk size and shape; optic cup shape and depth; optic cup size in relation to the optic disc size; neuroretinal rim size, shape and perfusion; central retinal vessel trunk location; optic disc hemorrhages; parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy; retinal arteriole diameter; and retinal nerve fiber layer defects.
Intraretinal haemorrhages occur when aggregated sickled red blood cells abruptly occlude an arteriole, resulting in ischaemic necrosis and 'blowout' of the vessel wall.
In the active stage, BRAO is best assessed by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), in which it typically appears as multifocal fluorescence in the arteriole walls.
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