Most dendroentomological research has focused on the loss of photosynthetic tissue (i.e., buds and leaves) and tree growth caused by defoliating insects such as western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) (Swetnam et al., 1985; Swetnam and Lynch, 1993; Ryerson et al., 2003), tussock moth (Orgyia sp.) (Mason et al., 1997) and pandora moth (
Coloradia pandora) (Speer et al., 2001; Pohl et al., 2006).