In humans,
episcleritis affects which part of the body?
She had ophtalmic history, including an
episcleritis requiring systemic corticosteroid treatment 2 years ago.
In addition, extraintestinal effects, such as arthritis, sacroiliitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, erythematous nodosum, scleritis, and
episcleritis, can be seen.
In a series of 19 patients with systemic sarcoidosis, optic neuropathy was accompanied by granulomatous anterior uveitis in 10 patients, retinal vasculitis and cotton-wool spots in 2 patients each, and isolated vitritis, panuveitis, isolated choroidal involvement, macular exudates, and
episcleritis in 1 patient each.
Arthritis,
episcleritis, aphthous stomatitis, ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis, uveitis, sclerotic cholangitis, and skin lesions, which include erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum, are also frequent manifestations of these associated immune-mediated diseases (5).
Conjunctivitis, keratitis,
episcleritis, and anterior and posterior uveitis are some of the most common ocular manifestations of the virus (10, 12, 13).
Recurrent
episcleritis associated with brucellosis.
Presence of nodular lesions over eyebrows and eyelids, conjunctival redness due to exposure and
episcleritis were also observed in few patients.
The most common extraintestinal manifestations are cutaneous (erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, and enterocutaneous fistulas), hepatobiliary (primary sclerosing cholangitis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and portal vein thrombosis), musculoskeletal (arthritis), genitourinary (renal stones, obstructive uropathy), ocular (uveitis, conjunctivitis, and
episcleritis), and respiratory (progressive airway and lung involvement, pulmonary vasculature alterations).
There were no extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as arthralgias, uveitis,
episcleritis, oral ulcers, and aphthous ulcers.
Patients with a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 6/60 or less due to an irreversible cause, as well as those with documented panuveitis, retinal vasculitis, chorioretinitis, and/or papillitis or a combination of these findings, were classified by the authors as having a vision-threatening form of the disease (VTD), while patients whose BCVA was 6/36 or better, those who had a reversible cause of visual loss, or those who were found to have mild-to-moderate anterior uveitis, vitritis (diffuse vitreous cells and/or mild-to-moderate vitreous haze), complicated cataract (which can be surgically removed),
episcleritis, and/or a combination of these were classified as having a non-vision-threatening form of the disease (NVTD).