Methacrylic acid (MAA) and
itaconic acid (IA) are monomers widely used for the preparation of pH-sensitive gels designed as drug delivery devices because of their biocompatibility and easy reactivity with other functional monomers and polymers [13-17].
Utilization patterns of the 31 carbon sources in the sediments from the river sites (SC1, SC2, and SC3) were similar to each other except for 11 carbon substrates: phenylalanine (ANOVA, F = 9.6, P = 0.001), L-arginine (ANOVA, F = 4.2, P = 0.23), L-threonine (ANOVA, F = 3.7, P = 0.037), D-galacturonic acid [gamma]-lactone (ANOVA, F = 5.7, P = 0.007), D-xylose (ANOVA, F= 6.2, P = 0.005), [alpha]-ketobutyric acid (ANOVA, F= 6.1, P = 0.006), D-malic acid (ANOVA, F= 6.7, P = 0.004),
itaconic acid (ANOVA, F = 3.5, P = 0.040), [alpha]-cyclodextrin (ANOVA, F= 5.6, P = 0.008), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (ANOVA, F= 7.4, P = 0.002), and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (ANOVA, F = 10.8, P = 0 < 0.0001).
Immunoresponsive gene 1 (Irg1) is highly expressed in mammalian macrophages during inflammation and Irg1 gene silencing in macrophages results in significantly decreased intracellular
itaconic acid levels as well as significantly reduced antimicrobial activity during bacterial infections [53].
The acid is different from the chelating agent and is selected from the group consisting of glycolic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, gluconic acid,
itaconic acid, trichloroacetic acid, benzoic acid, urea hydrochloride, and combinations thereof.
Itaconix, which is based in New Hampshire, is a specialty polymer company that develops and commercialises novel polymers based on its proprietary, commercially-proven and low production cost
itaconic acid polymerization technology.
Companies involved In developing
Itaconic acid include France-based Leaf Technologies and U.S.-based Itaconix.
Likewise, a comparison of the pK of soil P-binding reactions with Ca, Fe, and Al ions versus the pK of chelation reactions of Ca, Fe, and Al ions with maleic acid and
itaconic acid would indicate whether maleic-itaconic acid copolymer could prevent the P-precipitation reactions.
The monomers used in this study, N-isopropylacrylamide (NiPAAm) and
itaconic acid (IA), were obtained from Acros Organics (Belgium).
In order to enhance the biocompactibility and biodegradation, a polymer is designed from fumaric acid, 1,4-butanediol, and
itaconic acid.
Itaconic acid is a naturally occurring bioactive monomer and is also derived from citric acid.