"As for
nitrofuran metabolites found in products [all listed companies are related to fish production and fish processing], these are most likely the residues of the
nitrofurans that are sometimes used in animal husbandry and fish farming as feed additives and growth stimulants.
(20) The twelve antibiotics used were from nine different antimicrobial categories: aminoglycosides (streptomycin--Str, gentamicin--Gen), cephalosporins (ceftazidime--Caz, cefoxitin--Cfo), penicillins (ampicillin--Amp), quinolones (nalidixic acid--Nal, ciprofloxacin--Cip), tetracyclines (tetracycline--Tet), phenicols (chloramphenicol--Clo), folate pathway inhibitors (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole--Tm/Sut),
nitrofurans (nitrofurantoin--Nit) and carbapenems (imipenem--Imp).
Concentration Antibiotic group Antibiotic name ([micro]g/disc) Penicillins Ampicillin (AM) 10 [micro]g [beta]-lactam/ Amoxicillin-clavulanic 20/10 [micro]g [beta]-lactamase acid (AUG) inhibitors combination Aminoglycosides Gentamicin (GM) 10 [micro]g Second-generation Cefoxitin (FOX) 30 [micro]g cephalosporins Third-generation Ceftazidime (CAZ) 30 [micro]g cephalosporins Tetracyclines Tetracycline (T) 30 [micro]g Folate pathway Trimethoprim-sulfame- 1.25/23.75 [micro]g inhibitors thoxazole (SXT) Carbapenems Imipenem (IMP) 10 [micro]g Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin (CIP) 5 [micro]g
Nitrofurans Nitrofurantoin (NI) 300 [micro]g Table 2: Multiplex PCR-specific primers used for ESBL gene detection in Enterobacteriacaea.
The resistance of enterococci in food animals is very similar to what has been described of enterococci isolated from nosocomial infections (including resistance to aminoglycosides, lincosamides, macrolides,
nitrofurans, penicillins, quinolones, streptogramins, tetracycline, and rarely vancomycin) [4].
Graf, "Genotoxicity testing of antiparasitic
nitrofurans in the drosophila wing somatic mutation and recombination test," Mutagenesis, vol.
In 2009-2013, the incidence of antimicrobial residues was 71%, of which up to 35% was for sulfonamides followed by tetracyclines (15%),
nitrofurans (13%), lincosamides (13%), aminoglycosides (10%), nitroimidazoles (8%), macrolides (5%), and quinolones (3%) [16].
For analyzing
nitrofurans and nitroimidazoles in honey, samples were derivatized with acid, QuEChERS extraction was performed without sorbent addition, and the extract was evaporated and reconstituted prior to LCMS/MS analysis; the validated method complied with European guidelines [44].
The main risks are exemplified by allergic reactions, regularly associated with [beta]-lactams antibiotics; genotoxic and carcinogenic responses, often related to chloramphenicol, sulfamethazine,
nitrofurans, malachite greenand gentian violet; and the development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, with possible transference of resistance to other susceptible microorganisms (COSTA, 2002; FAO/WHO, 2015).
For the contaminant
nitrofurans, the US FDA refusal information indicates that shrimp, prawns and crabs are the primary products refused because of contamination, or suspected contamination.
For these reasons, in some cases, additional clean-up steps are necessary to diminish the amount of interferers before analysis of benzimidazole anthelmintic (BAs) [33], bisphenol A [52], nitroimidazoles [21],
nitrofurans [86], chloramphenicol [86], QNs [23, 29, 57], TCs [43], SAs [22], and [beta]-lactams [45].
Induction of rat liver cytochrome P450 isoenzymes CYP 1A and CYP 2B by different fungicides,
nitrofurans, and quercetin.