pro·to·ne·ma

(prō′tə-nē′mə)

n. pl. pro·to·ne·ma·ta (-nē′mə-tə, -nĕm′ə-)

The filamentous growth that arises following spore germination in liverworts and mosses and develops into a mature gametophyte.

[proto- + Greek nēma, thread; see (s)nē- in Indo-European roots.]

pro′to·ne′mal (-nē′məl), pro′to·ne′ma·tal (-nē′mə-təl, -nĕm′ə-) adj.

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

protonema

(ˌprəʊtəˈniːmə)

n, pl -nemata (-ˈniːmətə)

(Botany) a branched threadlike structure that grows from a moss spore and eventually develops into the moss plant

[C19: from New Latin, from proto- + Greek nēma thread]

ˌprotoˈnemal, protonematal adj

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014

pro•to•ne•ma

(ˌproʊ təˈni mə)

n., pl. -ma•ta (-mə tə)

a threadlike structure produced by the germination of the spore in mosses and certain liverworts, developing into a leafy plant.

[1855–60; < Greek prōto- proto- + nêma thread]

pro`to•ne′mal, adj.

References in periodicals archive

In contrast, the fracture surface of EHBP/DGEBA composites is rougher with large protonema, suggesting a ductile fracture.

Simultaneous Toughening and Strengthening of Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol-A Using Epoxy-Ended Hyperbranched Polymers Obtained From Thiol-Ene Click Reaction

1, which is based on the protonema culture of the moss Physcomitrella patens.

Innovations Are In At In-Cosmetics: The global version of the In-Cosmetics franchise attracted more than 9,300 attendees to Amsterdam in April. Here's a look at some of the newest ideas in cosmetic chemistry

Protonema suspension cultures of the medicinal moss Polytrichum juniperinum.

Bibliografia Botanica Iberica, 2017. Bryophyta

(2015) Bending of protonema cells in a plastid glycolate/ glycerate transporter knockout line of Physcomitrella patens.

Both the transglycosylase and transpeptidase functions in plastid penicillin-binding protein are essential for plastid division in Physcomitrella patens

Spores germinate into a filamentous algal like stage, the protonema, with a unique spreading growth pattern.

Sporogenesis in bryophytes: patterns and diversity in meiosis

Photocontrol of protonema growth in Polypodium vulgare L.

Morfogenesis de la fase sexual de siete taxa epifitos de Polypodium (Polypodiaceae) de Mexico

polymorpha, al ser estructuras de reproduccion vegetativa, poseen una ventaja porque crecen directamente sin pasar por la fase de protonema, que en condiciones naturales se origina por la germinacion de la espora, lo cual permitio evidenciar su desarrollo a simple vista en cada unidad experimental.

Evaluacion del efecto del medio MS y la temperatura en el desarrollo de propagulos de Marchantia polymorpha L. (Marchantiaceae) bajo condiciones in vitro y ex vitro

If the spore lands on a suitable substrate, the spore starts to germinate; the haploid spore will give rise to a chain of cells called a protonema. Mitosis takes place, the result is a free-living bisexual gametophyte.

Chapter 14: Diversity: vascular plants

The microorganisms in microbiotic crusts are expected to result in an increase in the capacity of the soil to absorb moisture, and moss in the crusts is able to absorb large amounts of moisture via rhizines and protonema. Therefore, we conclude that the powerful water absorption and water retention abilities of microorganisms in soil crusts results in a reduced evaporation rate and a prolonged evaporation process.

Effects of microbiotic crusts on evaporation from the revegetated area in a Chinese desert

Morfologia del protonema y formacion de yemas en Philonotis (Bartramiaceae).

Celina Matilde Matteri (1943-2004)