In the case of wind, the data source is the sensors located on the meteorological satellites that can measure fields over water bodies, e.g., Advanced
SCATterometer sensors (ASCAT) on the METOP A and B satellites (EUMETSAT).
Rott, "A method for estimating soil moisture from ERS
scatterometer and soil data," Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.
Satellite altimeter and
scatterometer data are now available from a range of platforms (e.g., ERS2, ASCAT METOP-A, Krogstad and Barstow [61]).
Mastenbroek and de Valk [9] developed a semiparametric retrieval algorithm (SPRA) based on Hasselmann's nonlinear theory [7] by separating the wind-driven wave and swell--the wind-wave information is provided by synchronous
scatterometer measurements and the swell information is derived from the rest of the SAR signal.
Outlier detection in
scatterometer data: neural network approaches.
Their topics include using a geographical information system to assess hydropower potential within the Upper Indus Basin in Pakistan, predicting flood-vulnerability of areas using satellite remote-sensing images in Japan's Kumamoto City, monitoring soil moisture deficit using satellite data from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission: correspondence through rainfall-runoff model, predicting Caspian Sea level fluctuation using artificial intelligence, and soil moisture retrieval from bistatic
scatterometer measurement using fuzzy logic system.
The
Scatterometer Satellite 1 -- or SCATSAT-1 -- spacecraft is designed to serve as a stopgap to help measure ocean winds following the failure of the OSCAT instrument aboard the OceanSat-2 satellite in February 2014.
The Advanced
Scatterometer (ASCAT) on the Meteorological Operational satellite (MetOp) of the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) is a C-band (5.255 GHz) radar, whose primary objective is to determine the wind field at the ocean surface (Figa-Saldana et al., 2002).
For the sensor-based method, the majority of sensors dedicated to measuring visibility distances (such as
scatterometer, transmissometer) are expensive to operate, and these sensors are often quite complicated to install and calibrate correctly.
A Global Climatology of Surface Wind and Wind Stress Fields from Eight Years of QuikSCAT
Scatterometer Data.
Passive (radiometer) or active (
scatterometer) satellite microwave sensors allow the identification of regions that experienced icing conditions resulting from rain-on-snow events or melt-and-refreeze cycles (e.g., Grenfell and Putkonen, 2008; Bartsch et al., 2010).