Helical abdominal computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance venography (MRV) and intravenous ultrasound (IVUS) are some the other diagnostic modalities.
If abnormal results such as portal vein narrowing to >50%, absence of flow or flow rate acceleration in the stenotic part >3 times the rate in the prestenotic portal vein were confirmed with Doppler US and when definite stenosis was suspected, venography was performed.
Before replacing a new permanent catheter, a venography for upper extremities and superior vena cava was performed by interventional radiology and no flow of contrast agent was observed in superior vena cava vein, suggesting an obstruction in vena cava superior vein and right and left juguler vein's blood flows were through azygos and hemiazygos veins respectively.
Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) with contrast of the brain showed possible stenosis at the junction of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses but no mass lesion nor venous sinus thrombosis.
The diagnosis of the disease was established according to the cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cranial MRI venography, and the patients who were investigated with these imaging techniques were included for the evaluation.
Recently developed post contrast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging and high-resolution blood oxygen level dependent MR venography may also increase sensitivity in detecting the leptomeningeal angioma (10).
Biplanar venography (anteroposterior and lateral) was performed under respiratory apnea to determine IVC diameter and assess vessel geometry to ensure suitability for enrollment.
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