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The accident report alluded that the pilot may have read the Sperry F3 as though it was a conventional attitude indicator and perceived the airplane was pitched up and gaining altitude, when it was actually pitched down and descending.

He then pointed to this little, bow-tie-shaped area that made up a small interior portion of the attitude indicator and added, "So this is our full range of maneuvering on the instruments.

Setting limits in IMC: one of the secrets of a perfect approach is leaping on problems the moment they appear without leaping right off the cliff. To master it, try putting yourself on a short leash

Most significantly, he had taken instrument training in an aircraft with a different type of attitude indicator than the one in the Bonanza.

The day the music died: the Buddy Holly crash still provides enduring lessons

The attitude indicator is displayed in the Pilot app split screen mode by selecting the Panel page.

Garmin GDL39 3D: virtual pitch and roll: Garmin's updated portable ADS-B receiver puts an attitude indicator on the revised Pilot app. A smaller footprint would make it easier to manage

This is a retrofit display that provides a digital attitude indicator with airspeed and altitude tapes, and a digital HSI coupled to the Garmin 430W GPS and S-Tec 55X autopilot.

Launching with failures: stuff breaks with utter disregard for the fact that you've got places to go. How far are you willing to stray from a book-perfect aircraft and still lift off into the clouds?

A classic example involves older attitude-based autopilots, which require a working attitude indicator (AI) to work properly.

Autopilots and their errors: many problems originate with heading, attitude or nav sources, but their impact depends on how your autopilot uses that information

Doing so means buying an electric attitude indicator to back up the PFD.

Instrument upkeep: repairing saves money: but a teardown overhaul from a reputable shop is often the best long-term strategy. For ancient models, upgrading makes the most sense

That would be a deal breaker for me as I already have a non-Garmin electric attitude indicator for backup and one of my desires is to finally get rid of failing vacuum pumps.

BACKING UP GARMIN GLASS

Possibilities include electrical failure, AHRS malfunction, attitude indicator failure, heading indicator failure, turn coordinator failure, accidentally or inadvertently touching the trim switch (in some models, bumping one side of a split trim switch will disconnect the autopilot but leave a flight director engaged, making it look like the autopilot modes are still engaged).

Five Reasons Not To Fly A Coupled Approach: It's always tempting to let Otto do the work, but it takes us out of the loop at a time ivhen we really need to be in it

Yeah, that's probably a good idea, especially right now, as the vacuum attitude indicator has been slow to come alive recently and is probably about to die.

HOW MUCH IS ENOUGH?

Without an attitude indicator, attaining or maintaining a particular altitude in the skies would be impossible.

Attitude : The leader's compass

The pilot was never trained to fly in instrument conditions using the particular attitude indicator installed in the mishap aircraft.

Still Alive and Well Today: Part one of a four-part series that will explore non-military aviation mishaps