Glandular trichome (GT), Non-glandular trichome (NGT), Epidermal (E),
chlorenchyma (C), phloema (Ph) and xylema (Xy) tissues can be viewed.
In tolerant species Cd has no effect or may increase the leaf and
chlorenchyma thickness (Lukovic et al., 2012; Jia et al., 2015; Pereira et al., 2016).
In addition, under conditions of drought, heat stress and radiation, the
chlorenchyma loses significant amount of water and the cladode begins to exhibit rough aspect and loss of its characteristic green color (Becerril & Valdivia, 2006), indicating loss of chlorophyll (Pimienta-Barrios et al., 2005).
With regard to organization of the leaf
chlorenchyma, isobilateral, centric, or dorsiventral mesophyll has occasionally been reported in Lamiaceae family [16].
Mesophyll is made up of homogeneous
chlorenchyma, in which the cells of the adaxial layer are a little elongated anticlinally in some regions (Figure 3D).
Their leaves consist of an outer waxy cuticle and a single cell layer of epidermis; underneath is an 8-10-cell layer of
chlorenchyma cells.
The anatomical characters studied were nature of adaxial and abaxial epidermis, occurrence of sclerenchyma strands and girders, number and position of vascular bundles, arrangement of
chlorenchyma cells, nature of keel, and shape and distribution of bulliform cells.
According to STERN and JUDD (2001) in general, the leaves of orchids exhibit homogeneous
chlorenchyma, which was observed in this experiment, since in all the slides it was not possible to delimit the parenchyma.
Givnish et al., 2010), lacks well-developed leaf blades; it also apparently lacks distinct phytoliths in the epidermis, though it has granulated silica (termed silica sand) in some
chlorenchyma cells in the inflorescence axis (Cutler, 1969).
The cuticle protects the leaves from excessive radiation, enabling the appropriate intensity of irradiation in
chlorenchyma, favoring the activation of chloroplasts [19,20], and also reducing water loss [21].
4 = visual damage on leaves and flower buds 76 - 100 % Moreover, collected samples were sectioned to study epidermis, collenchyma and
chlorenchyma by Poornima et al.