Adult parasites attached to the wall of the intestine in the definitive host, causing various pathological conditions such as chronic enteritis with ulcerative lesions (Dunn, 1963; Muller et al., 2010).
They present various life cycles, which usually involve an invertebrate vector as the definitive host and a vertebrate as the intermediate host but might also include other vertebrates as paratenic hosts upon whom the intermediate hosts prey.
These protozoans use intermediate hosts in their life cycles and produce tissue cysts in the intermediate host that are infectious for an appropriate definitive host. Tissue cysts of these parasites can be identified using morphological, biological, and molecular methods.
Its life cycle involves two hosts: dogs (but other carnivores as well) as the definitive host and sheep (and other herbivores) as intermediate hosts [1,2].
The life cycle of digeneans such as Clinostomum includes a molluscan host, fish (second intermediate host), and a definitive host which is usually a piscivorous bird [11].
Humans act as an accidental intermediate host; infected after ingesting viable oncosphere-containing eggs, which have been shed in the faeces of the definitive host. The ingested ova penetrate the intestinal wall, reach the portal system and from there to the liver where most of them are lodged in the hepatic sinusoids.
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