Such a pattern has served as a basis for one explanation for the evolution of
dioecy via heterostyly (Casper and Charnov 1982).
Relationship between synaptospermy and
dioecy in the life-history strategies of Buchloe dactyloides (Graminae).
Functional
dioecy in Echinocereus coccineus (Cactaceae): Breeding system, sex ratios and geographical range of floral dimorphism.
For
dioecy, I analyze the dependence of the ESA on sexuality.
Flowering plants display a diversity of sexual systems ranging from hermaphroditism to
dioecy. Within hermaphrodites, there is also a wide range of variation in patterns of investment in male and female function (Lloyd 1980; Primack and Lloyd 1980; Lovett Doust and Cavers 1982) and in relative male and female reproductive success (Stanton et al.
Dioecy, androdioecy, gynodioecy (Van Damme 1983; Wolff et al.
Allometric growth of male secondary sexual characters and
dioecy in Parapandalus narval (Decapoda: Pandalidae).
84 - ECOLOGICAL CORRELATES WITH
DIOECY IN THE FLORA OF A TROPICAL PREMONTANE WET FOREST IN COSTA RICA.
Biological control is another management option but
dioecy may present some unique challenges.
Kesseli, "Y-chromosome specific markers and the evolution of
dioecy in the genus Silene," Genome, vol.
dioecy), herkogamy/dichogamy (spatial/temporal separation of male and female flowers), self-incompatibility and inbreeding depression (Petit and Hampe 2006).