A wide range of morphological variations of the isthmus, such as hypoplasia, ectopy, hemiagenesis, and agenesis as well as developmental anomalies have been described in the literature.
[46] reported that the higher levels of NT-proBNP levels are independently associated with the incidence of frequent ventricular ectopy and complex ventricular ectopy in a moderately large, community-based population.
The most common cause of CH is thyroid dysgenesis (agenesis, hypoplasia, or ectopy) and only 15-20% is due to specific errors in thyroid hormones synthesis-dyshormonogenesis, which is usually hereditary with autosomal recessive inheritance [2, 4].
The CT findings excluded urogenital anomalies such as renal agenesis or malformation that are occasionally combined with testicular maldescent and ectopy. It also indirectly excluded the possibility of a right maldescended testis and a supernumerary left testis.
In their study, the authors considered that the second potential is a result of slow conduction deep into the PV that returns and either reactivates the same myocardial sleeve at the ostium, also what is often considered spontaneous PV ectopy may actually be a result from reentry in and out of a PV with reactivation of the PV ostium and, when manifest, reactivation of the LA.
It has also been shown that treatment with oral magnesium supplements may be associated with a reduction in ventricular ectopy in patients with low serum magnesium treated with digoxin for chronic atrial fibrillation [124].
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