Fraunce's use of Garcilaso was limited to those cases where he did not mention Boscan, cases where he had to describe the following figures: metonymia, synechdoche, ironia, anaphora, paronomasia, poliptoton, exclamation, epiphonema, and addubitation.
Lastly, to illustrate the epiphonema, which Fraunce depicted as "a kinde of exclamation when after the discourse ended, we adde some short acclamation, as a conclusion or shutting vp of all in wondring wise" (1588: ch.
The concluding section brings the thought or rhetorical argument contained in the chiasm to completion and usually appears as a moral or summarizing phrase (often manifesting as epitasis or epiphonema).
(12) Shakespeare frequently ends catalogues with symperasma, epitasis, or epiphonema, i.e., a phrase that summarizes or draws the previous list to conclusion.
Jacob] know that the fruit of marriage is due to the Lord, nor to a husband.'" Erasmus, in turn, informs the reader that Jerome has made fun of "this foolish concluding exclamation (stultum hoc
epiphonema) by Jovinian, as if God, and not a husband, begets children." (59)
As Aristomenes ponders the words of his hypothetical accuser, the case against him climaxes with the clever reversal of the outburst, "Therefore, since you escaped death, return to it now!" This has the force of a highly effective rhetorical climax, and is consistent with Quintilian's definition of an
epiphonema, or "explanation attached to the close of a statement or proof by way of climax" (Quint.
EPIPHONEMA: an epigrammatic or sententious statement that summarizes and concludes a passage of prose or poetry or a speech; a moral note expressing the disapproval or admiration of the writer, narrator, or speaker:
Some rhetors--Dupriez and Espy, for example--insist that the epiphonema must be an exclamation; others disagree.
Although Melville may have ended the tale on a pious note to please audience and/or editors (who liked morally edifying literature), Melville's use of epiphonema at the end of "The Bell-Tower," coupled with similar themes covered already by Hawthorne, suggests his indebtedness to Hawthorne for creative inspiration.
EPIPHONEMA: a moral note expressing disapproval or admiration on the part of the writer, narrator, or speaker; or an epigrammatic or sententious statement that summarizes and concludes a passage of prose or poetry or a speech:
Some rhetors insist that the epiphonema must be an exclamation (that is, must include ecphonesis).