Anatomical adaptations include increased shell thickness (Cameron, 1970) and the secretion of an
epiphragm (Machin, 1975); behavioral adaptations include choice of microhabitat, huddling, contact rehydration, and reduction in physical activity (Prior et al., 1983;Prior, 1985; Bantu et al., 1988, 1990); physiological adaptations include the reduction of metabolic activity (Cameron, 1970; Vorhaben et al., 1984), modification of respiratory rhythms (Prioretal, 1983; Prior, 1985; Barnhart, 1986; Barnhart et al., 1987; Banta et al., 1988, 1990; Arad, 1990), and alterations in excretory products (Duerr, 1967; Haggag and Fouad, 1968; Smith and Smith, 1998; Chukwuka et al., 2014).
Description.--Fruiting bodies: Cup-shaped containing numerous spore packets, 4-5 mm high, 6-7 mm wide, sessile; margin of cup flared slightly or tapered downward; outer surface tan, velvety; inner surface pallid, smooth and shiny; mouth initially covered with an
epiphragm, which is coarsely tomentose.