Dixon, the world's leading authority on
ergativity) when Tolkien could have drawn on research relating to thirty to forty such languages.
2016; Arkhangelskiy & Usacheva to appear) and
ergativity (Longenbaugh & Polinsky 2017).
The preference for postpositions has nothing to do with the
ergativity of Urartian (or Hurrian) but would solely be a result of Urartian being a suffixing agglutinative language.
(11) Maarten Lemmens, Lexical Perspectives on Transitivity and
Ergativity: Causative Constructions in English (Amsterdam, 1998), 114 (emphasis his), https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.166.
Some authors refer to variable case marking on S arguments of monovalent clauses and A arguments of bivalent clauses as "optional
ergativity" in the typological literature.
The connection between disposition ascriptions and
ergativity is shown to have consequences for the metaphysics of dispositions.
Also, we observed that the introduction of the functional category Voice, due to the defectiveness of , in the past tense not only explained the assignment of accusative Case but also provided the logic for the split-ergative nature of Pashto language; leading towards the conclusion that split-
ergativity in Pashto is nothing but the close and intimate relation between passive voice and past tense, a relation already reported for other Indo-Iranian languages.
Barton, J., <<Traces of
Ergativity in Biblical Hebrew>>, en Provan, I.
Ergativity is a rare typological property (25% of languages in the world) not found in Europe (Dixon, 1994).