Thus, following its transmembrane transportation, it is phosphorylated by
hexokinase. The expression of
hexokinase II in clear-cell RCC is elevated.[sup.40] Once FDG is phosphorylated, structural changes made by a hexose-phosphate bond prevent FDG from being catabolized or transported back into the extracellular space in substantial amounts.[sup.41] This "metabolic trapping" of FDG highlights the presence and location of RCC.
The tested enzymes were aconitase (ACO), acid phosphatase (ACP), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), adenylate kinase (AK), arginine aminopeptidase (AMP), diaphorase (DIA), endopetidase (EP), esterase (EST), fructose-1,6-diphosphatase (FDP), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT),
hexokinase (HK), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), malic enzyme (ME), peptidase with leucyl-alanine (PEP-LA), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), phosphoglucoisomerase (GPI), and shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH) (Siciliano and Shaw, 1976; Vallejos, 1983; Van Geyt and Smed, 1984; Acquaah, 1992).
socius, or hybrid) was determined via genotyping at three loci coding for soluble enzymes:
hexokinase, isocitrate dehydrogenase-1, [TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE 1 OMITTED] and aspartate aminotransferase (formerly known as glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase).