Regenerants with
kanamycin resistance were assessed by PCR to determine the presence of the nptII gene (Fig.
The second XDR isolate (from a patient previously treated in Papua New Guinea) had a p.Asp89Asn gyrA mutation and phenotypic
kanamycin resistance without a detected mutation conferring aminoglycoside resistance.
htm), which identified mutations consistent with resistance to HRZE, fluoroquinolones, and the injectable aminoglycosides amikacin,
kanamycin, and capreomycin.
Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) against gentamicin (10 [micro]g), amikacin (30 [micro]g),
kanamycin (30 [micro]g), and tobramycin (10 [micro]g) (Mast, England) according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).
Least resistance was shown to amino glycosides (
kanamycin, gentamicin and amikacin) and sulfonamides (combination of sulphadimidine, sulphadiazine and sulphathiazole).
pneumoniae isolates to aminoglycoside such as tobramycin (10 mg), gentamicin (10 mg), amikacin (30 mg) and
kanamycin (5 mg) was performed using disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) (Liofilchem, Italy) recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guideline (14).
coli showed resistance to antibiotics like ampicillin (70%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (60%), clindamycin (80%), erythromycin (60%), chloramphenicol (50%), and
kanamycin (50%).
The more permeable membrane would now allow compounds such as rifampin, erythromycin and
kanamycin into the cell.
The results showed that various optimal parameters such as 100 mg L-1 of
kanamycin concentration for selection of transformants, 2 d of pre-cultivation time, 100 umol L-1 of acetosyringone concentration, 15 min of infection time and 2 d of co-cultivation time were obtained using cotyledonary node explants.
InKlebsiellaTn1331 and Tn4401 has stated to carry Amikacin, Ampicillin,
Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin and [beta]-lactamases.
amylovora were grown on NGA with
kanamycin (Km) at 28oC (Ashmawy et.
For the susceptibility testing, the following 14 antimicrobial drugs and concentrations were used: ampicillin (10 [micro]g), amoxicillin (20 [micro]g), cefoxitin (30 [micro]g), chloramphenicol (30 [micro]g), ciprofloxacin (5 [micro]g), clindamycin (30 [micro]g), erythromycin (15 [micro]g), gentamycin (10 [micro]g),
kanamycin (30 [micro]g), nalidixic acid (30 [micro]g), spectinomycin (30 [micro]g), streptomycin (10 [micro]g), tetracycline (30 [micro]g), and trimethoprim (5 [micro]g) (Oxoid Ltd., Cambridge, UK).