In the late nineteenth century there was a flurry of devices and a parade of names, which all contributed more or less, depending on one's perspective, to the development of cinematic culture in forms that we might recognise today: praxinoscope, zoopraxiscope, chronophotographs, biofantascope,
kinetograph, kinetophonograph, Reynaud, Muybridge, Marey, Friese-Green, Edison, to cite just a handful.
Nearly every manager at least notes the film service (Biograph, Vitagraph,
Kinetograph, Photoplane, Kinemacolor, Pathe, Hearst-Selig Pictures, etc.).