We use GEE models with gamma distribution and
natural logarithm link and exchangeable working correlation with variance clustered at VAMC.
When the wet mix elastomer composite is processed with CTV Method 1, the vulcanized wet mix elastomer composite exhibits a resistivity that A) has a
natural logarithm satisfying the equation In (resistivity) [greater than or equal to] -0.1 (loading) + x, where x is 14, or B) is at least 2.9 times greater than the resistivity of a vulcanized dry mix elastomer composite having the same composition and prepared using Comparative CTV Method 1.
To develop the present research, we used a more comprehensive sample, with all categories of multimarket funds, and also other measures to estimate the premium lock-up: a dummy variable and the
natural logarithm of the lockup period.
In fact, the
natural logarithm of the electron-to-proton wavelength ratio is approximately 7.5 and consequently, F calibrated on the proton will be shifted by 7.5 logarithmic units relative to the F calibrated on the electron:
The dividends are measured by means of the
natural logarithm of the annual values of the dividends received by Brazilian multinationals (Bacen, 2016).
where ln MNF is the
natural logarithm of manufacturing value-added as a ratio of GDP which is a proxy for industrial growth in the study.
Following Barcala et al.,12 the PFT values were transformed using
natural logarithm due to the fact that these values were non-normally distributed.
[F.sub.ijct] is a set of firm-level control variables that includes the
natural logarithm of total permanent employees, age, age squared, and an indicator for whether a firm has foreign ownership.
Our test variables are CEO's risk-increasing incentives proxied by the
natural logarithm of CEO's vega (LOGCEOV) and CEO's risk-decreasing incentives proxied by the
natural logarithm of CEO's delta (LOGCEOD):
The substitutions [[theta].sub.i, j] = [(i + j).sup.k] and [[theta].sub.i, j] = 1n (i + j) in (1) give general sum-connectivity index [X.sub.k] and
natural logarithm of the multiplicative sum Zagreb index [[PI].sup.*.sub.1], respectively, where k is a nonzero real number and ln denotes the
natural logarithm.
The advantages pointed out by Keene (1995) must also be considered when using data transformed to
natural logarithm compared with untransformed data.