In addition, in clinical trials aimed at determination of safety of encapsulated cell implant for delivery of ciliary neurotrophic factor, a reduction in the amplitude of the scotopic b-wave was observed in 4 out of 7 participants due to implantation [29].
The opening should equate approximately to the size of physiologically dilated pupil under scotopic conditions--this average 4-5 mm in the pseudophakic eye.
A white paper, "Human Eye Response to LED Light: Scotopic versus Photopic Light and Vision," discusses how the human eye perceives white light more easily in low-light conditions, such as tunnels.
Therefore, photoreceptors of nocturnal geckos, despite the rod-like shape, ultrastructure, and function [1-3], are actually cones evolutionary adapted to fulfill the role of rods and allow scotopic vision.
After postnatal lead exposure, rod photoreceptor-selective apoptosis, persistent rod-mediated (scotopic) electroretinographic (ERG) subnormality, and scotopic behavioral deficits occur in humans, monkeys, and rodents (Fox and Boyes 2008; Fox et al.
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