For example, stimulation of mitophagy (i.e., autophagy of mitochondria) with
spermidine, a natural polyamine, was found to preserve cardiac function in old mice [43, 44].
Putrescine (PUT), spermine (SPM), and
spermidine (SPD) are considered to be bioregulators of numerous cell functions, being involved in the process of cell growth, division, and differentiation.
Spermidine synthase (SRM) was found decreased in 400 [micro]mol/L elaidic acid group.
After 15-min incubation at room temperature, 100 [micro]L of neutralization solution (0.5 g/L trypsin inhibitor, 0.1 g/L RNase A and 1.2 g/L
spermidine) was added and incubation continued for 15 min.
Spermidine (Spd) involves in regulatory processes such as promotion of growth, DNA replication, cell division and differentiation [5].
Tavernarakis gave evidence for a similar defect contributing to other brain diseases of aging, namely Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease.(14) He believes that removal of defective organelles by autophagy, particularly mitochondria, is an important reason for the life extension benefits seen for rapamycin, resveratrol, and
spermidine in model organisms.(15)
Endogenously produced spermine (Spm), putrescine (Put) and
spermidine (Spd) are the major plant polyamines which have been widely documented to play significant role in cell development (Minocha and Minocha, 1995).
The bond formation of [alpha]-methylene-[gamma]-lactone moiety of compound 1 with the -SH groups of panothione (1,8-bis-glutathionyl
spermidine) of the trypanosome could inactivate the defence system and exposing the parasite to oxidative damage (Daunes and D'Silva 2002).
Shi et al., "Effect of exogenous
spermidine on polyamine content and metabolism in tomato exposed to salinity-alkalinity mixed stress," Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol.
Polyamine,
spermidine and spermine have effective antiglycation activity, as compare to aminoguanidine, and carnosine [31].
(iv) Polyamines are a group of organic cations that include spermine,
spermidine, and putrescine, derived from the catabolism of L-arginine and L-ornithine [15].