During the process of chromatin remodeling, unrepaired DNA breaks were generated as a result of defective
spermiogenesis, and oxidative stress could be the other mechanism for DNA damage (6).
Previous studies have hypothesized several functions of sex hormones (such as T), including the initiation of mating behavior (Rasmussen and Murru, 1992; Rasmussen and Gruber, 1993),
spermiogenesis and spermiation (Tricas et al., 2000; Henningsen et al., 2008), and clasper elongation (Heupel et al., 1999; Sulikowski et al., 2005; Sulikowski et al., 2006; Awruch et al., 2008).
Testis stages were classified to be as undifferentiated, in early spermatogenesis, late spermatogenesis,
spermiogenesis, partially spawned, and spent.
Fine structure of
spermiogenesis in scorpions from the family Vejovidae.
Clinical and experimental studies provide strong evidence that environmental pollutants can cause damage to
spermiogenesis through epigenetic alterations and high degree sperm DNA fragmentation [12].
Three stages were present: (1) Regressed, seminiferous tubules contained mainly spermatogonia and interspersed Sertoli cells; (2) Recrudescent, germ cell proliferation for the next period of sperm formation (
spermiogenesis) had commenced.
After meiosis, round spermatids undergo
spermiogenesis to transform into elongated spermatids.
Varicocele-induced inflammation negatively impacted Sertoli cell physiologic function and may induce maturation arrest of
spermiogenesis [43].
There could be a difference in expression between males and females for the reference genes that could be explained by the cease in expression that occurs during
spermiogenesis because of chromatin construction or transcription factors that inhibit the transcription of certain genes [38, 48, 49].
Wang et al., "Sirt1 regulates acrosome biogenesis by modulating autophagic flux during
spermiogenesis in mice," Development, vol.
The antheridial filaments are shown at the end of the
spermiogenesis. Note the mature antherozoids and lateral pores.
Germ cell apoptosis in men with complete and incomplete
spermiogenesis failure.