For each goat, tapetal color, tapetal reflectivity, shape of tapetal area, homogenicity of
tapetum, junction of tapetal and non tapetal border and location, colour, shape, border and degree of myelination of optic disc or retinal endothelium were evaluated.
Also, there was no pollen formation possibly, because of anther deformity and narrow microsporangium as well as premature disintegration of
tapetum in the GMS line.
From the cross section we see that the anther wall consists of layers from outer to inner: epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and layer of
tapetum (Fig.
Both von Ubisch (1927) and von Kosmath (1927) have published lists of species with and without orbicules and considered orbicules to be restricted to taxa with a 'secretory'
tapetum type.
This is due to the presence of a specialized reflecting layer behind the retina called the
tapetum lucidum.
(The helpful glossary defines everything from "flower" to "
tapetum.") The annotated bibliography suggests further readings for those who want to know more about exploitation of plants in manufacture of the Mexican beverage, "maguey," or additional sources for readers whose curiosity about bird pollination has been piqued.
Plant Genetic Systems, NV (Gent, Belgium) has patented improved barstar DNAs, such as synthetic barstar DNAs, produce high amounts of barstar protein in eucaryotic cells, particularly in plant cells, and especially in stamen cells such as
tapetum cells.
Finally, the coelacanth can see extremely well in dim light thanks to its
tapetum, a crystal layer behind its retina.
Each microsporangium displays four wall layers (from outside in: epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, and parietal layer), a secretory
tapetum and the central male cells.
The images were evaluated and characterized according to its breed which included a) Tapetal color b) Tapetal reflectivity c) Shape of tapetal area d) Homogenicity of
tapetum e) The junction of tapetal and non tapetal border.
Then the wall differentiated to epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and
tapetum layer (Fig1 L).
The
tapetum is a specialised cell layer between the sporogeneous tissue and the anther wall, which functions as a source of nutrients for developing pollen grains (Davis, 1966; Pacini et al., 1985).