Results: We found that SCA3/MJD was the most common subtype in Han population in China, and the ratio of the pontine
tegmentum and the posterior fossa area was negatively correlated with the number of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats; the disease duration was positively correlated with the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale score; and the CAG repeats number of abnormal alleles was negatively correlated with the age of onset.
5-HT2 antagonism activity also has been implicated Tics of Tourette's disorder By blocking dopamine receptors, (3) antipsychotics decrease the primarily dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra and ventral
tegmentum to the basal ganglia Delirium (4) Patients have reversible impairment of cerebral oxidative metabolism and multiple neurotransmitter abnormalities (dopamine, acetylcholine, CNS [gamma] -aminobutyric acid, and serotonin).
The typical locations of lesions by MR imaging in patients with MIE are the cerebellar dentate nuclei, midbrain (tectum, red nucleus,
tegmentum around periaqueductal gray matter), dorsal pons, dorsal medulla, and corpus callosum (splenium); and these were always bilateral and symmetric.
Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed on the first day of hospitalization showed multiple symmetric lesions, with high signal intensity on T2-weighted images and low signal intensity on T1-weighted images, mostly involving the thalami bilaterally but also the brainstem
tegmentum (Figure 1, panel A) and cerebral white matter in external capsules.
Tegmentum sculptured with large irregular pustules, arranged in segments of various sizes and shapes, becoming longitudinally elongate in pleural areas.
Approximately half the fibers descend toward the anterior commissure; the rest branch to the thalamus, the mamillary bodies, the midbrain
tegmentum and the reticular formation.[14]
Moreover, the amygdala complex is known to regulate REM sleep based on reciprocal connections with ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) in the midbrain and the lateral pontine
tegmentum (LPT) and sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) in the brainstem [101-103].
Common causes of hydrocephalus in pediatric age found in present study: Aqueductal stenosis: The growth of the tectum and
tegmentum makes the lumen of the neural tube narrow in the region of mesencephalon, leading to narrowing of aqueduct of Sylvius.
The receptors, which are mutated in ADNFLE, are preferentially expressed in the thalamus and mesencephalic
tegmentum belongs to the ascending arousal system and in the frontal cortex [108].
(9) Hemorrhages and arteriovenous malformations in the pontine
tegmentum and lower midbrain have been associated with acute onset of auditory hallucinations.
The ventral nuclei of the thalamus, cerebral cortex, oriens layer of the hippocampus, and raphe and
tegmentum nuclei of the brain stem were strongly stained.
The leftmost panels show peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs) depicting the responses in auditory cortices (circled) (A), thalamus (B), anterior cingulate (circled) and midbrain
tegmentum (dotted) (C), anterior insula (D), and superior frontal gyrus (E).