The data showed that these storm clouds reached as high as the
tropopause -- the coldest part of the atmosphere -- where they spread out much like the anvil-shaped cumulonimbus clouds that generate lightning and thunder on Earth.
Exceptions occur during stratospheric mixing events, or
tropopause folds, often collectively referred to as stratospheric intrusions (Sis).
Mikesell thought it occurs at the
tropopause rather than in the stratosphere.
NORMAN A University of Oklahoma meteorology team, led by Steven Cavallo, is studying the role of
tropopause polar vortices as a barrier in limiting predictability over the Arctic with three, five-year grants totaling $2.9 million from the U.S.
Furthermore, stable atmospheric boundaries like
tropopause, stratopause, thermopause and mesopause have similar vertical distributions at different celestial bodies in atmospheres of very different chemical compositions.
Since then, many studies have used the DFA method in atmospheric temperature [3-8], cloud breaking [9], wind speed [10], relative humidity [11, 12], air pollution [13], global
tropopause [14], ozone variations [15], sea surface temperature [16-18], and so on.
This could be especially true for thunderstorms forming in the
tropopause, as ozone in the stratosphere has been found to have [delta][.sup.18]O values of up to +400%o.
Jet streams are found 9-16km above the surface of the Earth, just below the
tropopause, and can reach speeds of 200 mph.
The optimum altitude for contrails is at the
tropopause height (See "The Weather Aloft" from May 2017 that touched on the
tropopause.) where we find the coldest temperatures.
These are narrow, fast-flowing, meandering westerly currents found near the
tropopause, which are frequently used by commercial airlines as a means of saving time and fuel.
The top of the vertical axis is the
tropopause, which means that in this study only troposphere is considered for forcing and for the simulations.