In being compelled to labor, not for himself, but for a master; in being vendible by one master to another master; and in being subject at all times to be restrained in his liberty and chastised in his body, by the capricious will of another -- the slave may appear to be degraded from the human rank, and classed with those irrational animals which fall under the legal denomination of property.
To which purpose serveth the opening, and well-balancing of trade; the cherishing of manufactures; the banishing of idleness; the repressing of waste, and excess, by sumptuary laws; the improvement and husbanding of the soil; the regulating of prices of things vendible; the moderating of taxes and tributes; and the like.
First, the capitalist production of vendible commodities on markets was not the only factor driving the transformation of labour into a commodity--the work necessary to construct and reproduce empires was too, although here the commodification of constructive labour did not result from market but from interstate competition and colonial defence imperatives.
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