Perhaps the most punitive measure exercised by British troops and police on the Kikuyu tribe was
villagization, which involved the forced displacement of over a million people from their lands into regulated villages with heinous living conditions, where suspected Mau Mau sympathizers were subject to horrific acts of violence (Newsinger 2006).
For example, from 2010-2013, a
villagization program that promised "socioeconomic and cultural transformation", but that was just another name for forced displacement, was planned for 1.5 million people in Gambella, Afar, Somali and Benishangul-Gumuz.
Nyerere's devotion to Maoism led to his disastrous "
villagization" program, which forced people to relocate to new farmland in "modern" villages.
The
villagization of production, a key component of the Ujamaa plan, essentially collectivized all forms of local productive capacity.
People in Gambella previously alleged that the program was harming them by contributing to the government's "
villagization" program.
Based on this, the destruction of traditional round huts and their replacement with rectangular houses was a tool that accompanied the '
villagization' policy implemented in most parts of New Caledonia in the early twentieth century.
(7) The relocation program, or "
villagization process" in Ethiopia's Gambella region--the site of the Saudi Star investment--has been particularly devastating for indigenous communities cut off from sources of food, water, healthcare, and education.
(14.) See Human Rights Watch, 2012, Waiting for Death: Forced Displacement and the "
Villagization" in Ethiopia's Gambella Region, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/01/16/ waiting-here-death
(56.) This policy is known as the "
villagization" policy, pursuant to which the government of Rwanda addressed the need for housing by settling returning refugees and displaced groups into designated villages.
Many African civilians were killed, a program of
villagization (in so-called "aldeamentos") was introduced to concentrate the survivors along roads accessible to police and military vehicles, and the majority of the region's inhabitants fled to already-independent Congo.