The canine
whipworm, Trichuris vulpis, is a nasty parasite that lives in the large intestine.
Infections by intestinal worms including the soil-transmitted worms such as giant roundworm, hookworm,
whipworm, and schistosomiasis are an important public health concern.
Indeed, extensively managed pigs are reported to harbor intestinal helminthes and protozoans [7] while pigs raised in intensive operations though thought to be less prone to gastrointestinal infestation are infested as well; the large roundworm (Ascaris suum),
whipworm (Trichuris suis), the nodular worms (Oesophagostomum sp), and protozoa (Coccidia) are often found in intensive pig production [8, 9].
The main cause of intestinal parasite infection is soil-borne worm called soil-transmitted helminths (STH), roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides),
whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), and hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) [1-4].
Erythema dyschromicum perstans has been reported in association with exposure to drugs (penicillin, benzodiazepines, ethambutol, fluoxetine, and omeprazole), radiographic contrast media (barium sulfate), parasitic infestations (
whipworm), fungicide (chlorothalonil), chemicals (ammonium nitrate), herbal consumption (Tokishakuyakusa), endocrinopathies (hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus), dyslipidemia, infections (human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C, and enterovirus), and cobalt allergy [16-20].
After ascariasis and hookworm infections, trichuriasis also called
whipworm infestation is the world's third widespread nematode affecting around 800 million people and a range of mammalian hosts [47].
found that IL-25 not only enhanced Th2 immune response but also inhibited the secretion of Th1-type cytokines to inhibit gastrointestinal inflammation induced by parasite in a mouse model of
whipworm infection [67].
'The great triumvirate of enteric nematodes are Ascaris lumbricoides, giant roundworm; Trichuris trichiura,
whipworm; and Enterobius vermicularis, pinworm.'
Human trichuriasis:
Whipworm genetics, phylogeny, transmission and future research directions.