Bruno of Toul

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Bruno of Toul - German pope from 1049 to 1054 whose papacy was the beginning of papal reforms in the 11th century (1002-1054)

Bruno, Leo IX

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The most likely explanation is that a few years before his election as pope, while Bruno was still the bishop of Toul, he had indeed issued such a charter to the monks of Der, and that they later decided to improve it by reworking it, deliberately making it not simply a charter of Bishop Bruno of Toul but rather the very first charter of Pope Leo IX.

Forging Papal Authority: Charters from the Monastery of Montier-en-Der

This criticism is directed at a publishing industry deterred by the financial commitment necessary for a complex Office book, and at a discipline that, to choose a polemic analogy, prefers another recording of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony over the works of Bruno of Toul, which remained in use for some ten centuries.