counsel regarding immigration consequences or affirmative
misadviceAppellant asserted that his petition established that his attorney's "affirmative
misadvice" about the certainty of a probationary sentence was objectively unreasonable.
1982) (discussing defense based on governmental
misadvice).
When Sixth Amendment ineffectiveness turns on a question of state law (for example, the relatively generous standard for withdrawing guilty pleas based on
misadvice), federal courts cannot second-guess state courts, which are "the final arbiters of state law." (30)
In 2010, the IMF warned against withdrawing fiscal stimulus "too early." These three euro countries have been driven into various degrees of financial hazard by this
misadvice.
(52) The Court's analysis was founded on two cases involving
misadvice and inadequate advice.
the plea and therefore neither silence nor affirmative
misadvice of
In many jurisdictions prior to Padilla,
misadvice was
But when Choi asked, the attorney could not properly provide an incorrect answer, without making an objectively reasonable effort to learn the truth."), It should be noted that while the Court acknowledged the
misadvice versus failure to advise distinction in Padilla, it ultimately refused to make the distinction in reaching its holding.
At least when it comes to deportation, the Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel means a lawyer not only must avoid "affirmative
misadvice," (42) but has the duty to disclose "that his conviction for drug distribution made him subject to automatic deportation." (43) Writing for the Court, Justice Stevens emphasized that "[w]e have never applied a distinction between direct and collateral consequences to define the scope of constitutionally 'reasonable professional assistance' required under Strickland," but insists the issue "whether that distinction is appropriate" remains open.
He further stated, "We could expect years of elaboration upon these new issues in the lower courts, prompted by the defense bar's devising of ever-expanding categories of plea-invading
misadvice and failures to warn-not to mention innumerable evidentiarly hearings to determine whether
misadvice really occurred or whether the warning was really given." Id.
"affirmative
misadvice regarding immigration consequences can in