The study area is mainly covered by woodlands: chestnut trees Castanea sativa, oaks Quercus cerris and mixed hardwood formations, mainly
Ostrya carpinifolia, dominate forests at lowest altitudes while, in the highest parts, mountain beech Fagus sylvatica, in association with maples Acer spp., prevails.
Walters, Kruger e Reich (1993) avaliando o desenvolvimento inicial de Betula papyrifera, Betula alleghaniensis,
Ostrya virginiana, Quercus rubra e Acer saccharum verificaram que a RMF tem maior importancia na TCR.
Preliminary identifications based on fossil pollen consist of about 18 recognized forms, and confirm the presence of several of the more common megafloral genera, and add Abies, Castanea/Lithocarpus, Choenopodiaceae,
Ostrya, and assorted fungal and monolete spores.
The eastern portion of the study area was a mixed forest dominated by oak (Quercus spp.), beech (Fagus grandifolia), ash (Fraxinus spp.), elm (Ulmusspp.), and maple (Acerspp.) and to a lesser degree included alder (Alnus spp.), basswood (Tilia americana), birch (Betula spp.), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), buckeye (Aesculus spp.), cherry (Prunus spp.), hackberry (Ceitis ocadentalis), hickory (Carya spp.), ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana and
Ostrya virginiana), locust (Robiniapseudoacacia or Gleditsia triacanthos), mulberry (Monisspp.), pine (Pinusspp.), poplar (Pofmlus spp.), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), tamarack (Larix laruna), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), walnut (Juglans spp.), willow (Salix spp.), and unidentified hardwoods (Fig.
Both morphological and molecular studies have generally recognized two major lineages in Betulaceae either as tribes Betuleae (Alnus and Betula) and Coryleae (Corylus, Ostryopsis, Carpinus, and
Ostrya) (Jussieu, 1789; Prantl, 1894; Winkler, 1904; Melchior, 1964; Li & Skvortsov, 1999), or as subfamilies Betuloideae and Coryloideae (Spach, 1841; Regel, 1861, 1868; Koehne, 1893; Rendle, 1925; Rehder, 1940; Hutchinson, 1967, 1973; Dahlgren, 1975, 1980, 1983; Jury, 1978; Takhtajan, 1980; Thome, 1973, 1983; Furlow, 1990; Bousquet et al., 1992; Chen et al., 1999; Forest et al., 2005; Grimm & Renner, 2013).
Most of the study area (67%) is covered by deciduous woodlands, mainly composed by Quercus cerris, Castanea sativa,
Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus and Robinia pseudoacacia.
(1987), en el estado de Tamaulipas los ecotonos entre esta formacion y otros tipos de vegetacion que la rodean no se presentan de manera muy marcada, y se observa una entremezcla, en su cota mas alta (1500 m), de elementos del bosque de pino-encino con Ternstroemia, Carpinus y
Ostrya. Hacia los 800 m de altitud limita con el bosque tropical, donde se mezclan elementos del BMM, como Quercus germana y Rapanea myricoides, con algunos elementos del bosque tropical; a su vez, elementos de este ultimo suben al BMM, incluso hasta los 1100 m.
in Turkey,
Ostrya, Carpinus, Crateagus, Quercus, Fagus, Castanea, Tilia, Ulmus, Pistacia, Pyrus etc.), in herbaceous plants (Salicornia, Achillea, Spartium) and in woody legumes (Ononis, Dorycnium).
This vegetation is gradually replaced by deciduous shrublands at higher altitudes (700-900 m asl), mainly composed by Carpinus orientalis, Fraxinus ornus, Acer monspessulanum, Ligustrum vulgare, Lonicera etrusca, Cornus mas and
Ostrya carpinifolia, although this sub-mediterranean vegetation is probably a result of human impact, overgrazing and forest fires (Tsiftsis & al., 2007).
In Syria, it occurs at Slenfch (Lattakia) and forms mixed forests with
Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus orientalis, Sorbus torminalis, Fraxinus ornus and Cerasus mahleb (Browicz, 1982).
(Oestlund) Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium)
Ostrya virginiana, Corylus spp.
In northern Europe, firewood is obtained from birch (Betula pendula Roth.), pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and spruce (Picea abies Karst.), while beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), oak (Quercus sp.), and hornbeam (
Ostrya carpinifolia Scop.) are dominant further south.