The period's rationalizing New Testament commentaries and the 1828 Life of Jesus of Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus, David Friedrich Strauss's Das Leben Jesu Kritisch Bearbeitet (1835-1836), Renan's Vie de Jesus (1863) (4): these are works which "slight" the "word" ("Leben Jesu and Vie de Jesus," CXLV); grievous "
impugners of the Gospel" ("The Transfiguration : The Old 'Paulus' Theory," CXXXV); all of their authors apostates like the Emperor Julian ("Julian's Attempt to Build on the Site of the Temple," CXXIV); inevitably emanating from dubious Germany ("the land of doubt": "A Waking Thought (Continued)," CXXXIV), or from traducing France, where "the Parisian Christ," "this unscriptural pigmy!" ("Vie de Jesus: On Hearing of a Forthcoming Cheap Edition," CCXXXI) is promoted.