American physicist who studied subatomic particles. Alvarez built a device called a hydrogen bubble chamber that made it possible to analyze the reactions occurring between atomic nuclei inside it. His observations led to the theory that protons, neutrons, and electrons are made of quarks. With his son, geologist
Walter Alvarez (born 1940), he developed a theory that the extinction of dinosaurs was caused by climate changes resulting from a giant asteroid striking the Earth. See Note at
iridium.