It has been known that the cystine/glutamate
antiporter is a plasma membrane-bound protein critically involved in glutamatergic transmission.
Cloning and Characterization of a Ca2+/H+
Antiporter from Halophyte Suaeda salsa L.
The ATPases generate a proton electrochemical gradient across the vacuolar membrane Na+/H+
antiporter, to compartmentalize Na+ into the vacuole (Chinnusamy et al.
AX09 is a virus-like particle that displays a portion of the extracellular domain of the cystine-glutamate
antiporter system protein xCT (SLC7A11), which has been found to be overexpressed in cancer stem cells which have unique biological properties that represent a key cellular reservoir for relapse, metastatic progression, and therapeutic resistance.
In serpentine-intolerant Arabidopsis thaliana, an induced loss of function mutation in the [Ca.sup.2+]- [H.sup.+]
antiporter, CAX1, enhances survival on soils with a low calcium to magnesium ratio (Bradshaw, 2005).
Skulachev, "Participation of ATP/ADP
antiporter in oleate- and oleate hydroperoxide-induced uncoupling suppressed by GDP and carboxyatractylate," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol.
According to one recent study, glutamate inhibits the xCT glutamatecystine
antiporter, leading to intracellular cysteine depletion.
Magnesium efflux involves several exchanges including [Na.sup.+]/[Mg.sup.2+], [Ca.sup.2+]/[Mg.sup.2+], [Mn.sup.2+]/[Mg.sup.2+]
antiporter, and [Cl.sup.-]/[Mg.sup.2+] cotransporter [13].
Using the purified YiiP protein, zinc efflux occurs via a [Zn.sup.2+]/[H.sup.+]
antiporter [44].
System xc(-) cystine/ glutamate
antiporter: an update on molecular pharmacology and roles within the CNS.