The heavy minerals of Estonian Quaternary deposits have been extensively studied using optical microscopy (Raukas 1964; Kessel & Raukas 1967; Lutt & Popova 1993), but not with X-ray
diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX).
The solubility limit, which is defined as the amount that can be doped without disturbing the structure of the main structure (NiFe2O4), was determined using X-ray powder
diffractometry. SEM results were investigated, the magnetic hysteresis measurement (VSM) results of the V-doped NiFe2O4 ferrites and the V-doped NiFe2O4: PANI were determined.
5c), were associated with the main filaments of the Cladophora sp., together with more typical crystals of calcite, the later confirmed by X-ray
diffractometry (Fig.
An X-ray
diffractometry approach has also been used to measure the grain angle, but the samples require very delicate preparation (Buksnowitz et al.
Soil analysis by X-ray
diffractometry (Bruker D2 Phaser diffractometer) with CuKa radiation, angle range from 3 to 60[degrees], speed of 0.03[degrees] at 1 s per step, and operation and voltage of 30 v and 15 mA, respectively, identified the following minerals (MINDAT, 2017): kaolinite (7.27 [Angstrom]), hematite (3.62; 2.71; 2.51 and 2.20 [Angstrom]), goethite (3.37 and 4.49 [Angstrom]) and quartz (1.84 [Angstrom]).
The complex of analytical research methods included the particle size distribution measurement using a laser particle analyzer, the semiquantitative determination of the mineral composition by the X-ray
diffractometry, the determination of 10 major oxides by X-ray fluorescence, and determination of rare and trace elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
The typical analytical method used for composition analysis and phases determinations are: chemical analysis [12]; XRF and/or EDS analysis; optical methods [5]; X-ray
diffractometry; thermogravimetry; IR and Raman spectroscopy [13-15].
Samples molded in standard conditions were subjected to X-ray
Diffractometry by an Advance D8 Brucker diffractometer (equipped with a continuous scan attachment and a proportional counter) with Ni-filtered Cu-K[alpha] radiation.
However, the ash in general was amorphous to the X-ray
diffractometry, with a characteristic vesicular texture, composed principally of glass shards (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), and pumice ash stone and other minerals, potash feldspars, and plagioclases (Buteler et al.
Thus, this work aims to synthesize the carbonated magnesium-aluminum hydrotalcite by hydroxide coprecipitation at pH 11 and investigate the Al(III) co-substitution with Fe(III) at 10 and 20 mol% through thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray
diffractometry techniques.
To analyze the crystalline structure of ash, kaolin, and metakaolin, X-ray
diffractometry (XRD-Bruker LyuxEye) was utilized.