One
electronvolt increase in the binding energies of both the Cd3[d.sub.3/2] and Cd3[d.sub.5/2] could be observed here.
Mass and energy are equivalent, according to Einstein, and scientists have noticed that the energy scale associated with dark energy, about one-thousandth of an
electronvolt, is approximately the same as the masses associated with the three known types of neutrinos.
Best accommodated to such a scenario are particles, say neutrinos, having the rest energy of a few
electronvolts. In this case they give the main contribution to dark mass.
Current estimates suggest that neutrinos may have a mass of roughly 2
electronvolts. In comparison, the electron has a mass of 511,000
electronvolts.
The machine at CERN, Europe's particlephysics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland, will restart with collisions at 13 trillion
electronvolts almost double the current record.
With collision energies capable of reaching 14 tera
electronvolts (TeV), the collider is designed to push a proton beam close to the speed of light, sending it whizzing 11,000 times a second around a 27-kilometer (17-mile) tunnel some 100 meters (32 5 feet) below the ground in an area straddling the Swiss-French border.
The SE mode is the most important because these electrons can be collected easily using a positively biased collector grid placed on one side of the specimen due to the low exit energy of a few
electronvolts. Unlike SE, BSE move on straight trajectories and are not affected by electrostatic collection fields (Reimer, 1998).
