Perhaps the process of
endosymbiosis in which prokaryotes became incorporated into other eukaryotic cells is an early form of holobionts.
1809 supports a single origin for xylotrophy (wood feeding) and xylotrophic bacterial
endosymbiosis in Bivalvia.
In the family Aphididae, several diets have already been developed and used in toxicological, physiological, and behavioral research, as well as in studies of
endosymbiosis, virus transmission, mortality, and nutrition (Hunter & Hsu 1999).
From this primary
endosymbiosis evolved green algae and plants, Red algae, And glaucophytes.
These associations in ecosystems are influenced by the relationships among organic and inorganic nutrients, hydric relationships, and the carbon cycle in plants, as well as the edaphic conditions, such as the chemical composition, humidity, temperature, pH, cation exchange capacity, and biotic and abiotic factors [22], and can affect plant
endosymbiosis and AMF.
This process of
endosymbiosis, marking the birth of mitochondria, changed the course of evolution [3] (reviewed in [4]).
Of course, that had to produce a number of new mechanisms to get energy, so it is possible to say that primitive eukaryote possible could become a predator with the ability to devour bacteria and archaea in order to get food, but eventually
endosymbiosis would lead to the improvement of a mitochondria and chloroplasts, producing a complete new feature; however, two processes would be important to complete phagocytosis.
However, there is little information as to how free-living autonomous bacteria became semi-autonomous organelles during
endosymbiosis in early eukaryotic evolution.
Meanwhile, Johnson joined WHOI in 2009, where he has conducted research on protozoa that steal chloroplasts and other organelles for their own use (a phenomenon known as kleptoplasty) and algae that continue to live inside other organisms (a phenomenon called
endosymbiosis).
Archibald, "
Endosymbiosis and eukaryotic cell evolution," Current Biology, vol.
Gupta, "Origin of diderm (Gram-negative) bacteria: antibiotic selection pressure rather than
endosymbiosis likely led to the evolution of bacterial cells with two membranes," Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, vol.
Key words: Whitefly,
Endosymbiosis, Cotton, PCR, CLCV.
