(a) Acid
esterification: The firsts step reduces the FFAvalue of crude rubber seed oil to about 2% using acidcatalyst
Shweta Shah, Shweta Sharma and M N Gupta," Enzymatic trans
esterification for biodiesel roduction", Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol.40, 392-399, 2003
Subsequent chapters address boron-containing BODIPY chromophore for fluorescent sensing; boronic acid chemistry applications to electroanalysis; polymer self-assembly mediated by boronic acid; boron-containing hydrogels in medical diagnosis; boronate affinity materials; the use of reversible
esterification to build boronate microparticles; and the use of boron as a cross-coupling partner.
Synthesis of eugenyl acetate by enzymatic
esterification of clove essential oil.
In the process they have tried to optimize lipasecatalyzed
esterification and transesterification.
Waste oils and fats unfortunately contain free fatty acids, which must be removed by refining or
esterification. Free fatty acids decrease the efficiency of both alkaline catalysts and separation of biodiesel.
Trans-
esterification is the process by which the fat and oil reacts with the alcohols (methanol and ethanol) and the ester and glycerol are produced.
These clean, efficient catalysts can be used from lab to plant scale across a range of transformations including
esterification, elimination, protection and deprotection, rearrangement, cyclisation and hydrolysis reactions.
In this study, three maleic reactive surfactants with different oxyethylene (EO) units were synthesized by the
esterification reaction of different dodecyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers with maleic anhydride.
Acid esters are formed in simple hydrogen-ion-catalysed
esterification. (8) This simple acid-catalyzed reaction is slower than enzymatic
esterification, but may be responsible for aged characters of wine.
Esterification in a structured catalytic reactor with counter-current water removal.
Vinylester, is a resin produced by the
esterification of an epoxy resin with an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid.
