The researchers observed a reduction in SCC risk with higher total vitamin A; the pooled multivariate hazard ratios were 0.97 (95 percent confidence interval [CI], 0.87 to 1.07) for
quintile 2, 0.97 (95 percent CI, 0.80 to 1.17) for
quintile 3, 0.93 (95 percent CI, 0.84 to 1.03) for
quintile 4, and 0.83 (95 percent CI, 0.75 to 0.93) for
quintile 5, compared with
quintile 1 as a reference.
Panel A in Table 1 shows the average returns and basic characteristics of the buy-and-hold strategy for the
quintile individual stock.
Based on this, they devised a scoring formula that gives a person a rating of 1-5 for each of these seven food types, from the lowest
quintile of consumption, which scores 1, to the highest
quintile, which scores 5.
Surprisingly, it has two scores in the second
quintile for individual categories: while purpose is a first-quintile 36, both social and financial are second-quintile scores, at 51 and 44 respectively.
"For both coronary and cardiovascular events, most of the increased risk appears to reside in the uppermost
quintile," the cardiologist observed.
The SPDC study reveals that in Punjab 14 out of 34 districts are in the highest
quintile and only one is in the lowest
quintile.
This average, however, conceals large gaps: 90.8% of households in the top
quintile (income deciles 9 and 10) owned at least one apartment, compared with 84.4% of households in the fourth
quintile, 78% of households in the third
quintile, 69.3% of households in the second
quintile, and 53.7% of households in the bottom
quintile.
The researchers calculate a measure for each college that they call its mobility rate, defined as the product of the percentage of students at the college who are drawn from the lowest
quintile of income distribution and the percentage of those students who went on to careers that placed them in the top
quintile of the distribution.
Because the PSID is a panel, we can see which
quintile any family starts in and which
quintile it ends up in.
The authors found that, in 2010, the 50-year-old men in the top income
quintile could expect to live 38.8 more years, to 88.8 years.
And this rate generally holds for residents in the second and third
quintiles. However, there is a three-percentage-point increase to 31% among fourth-quintile states and an even greater jump to 36% among the fifth
quintile.