(2014), local acupuncture applied to spinal diseases may decrease local edema, inflammation, vasodilation or vasoconstriction, release of histamine or
kinins. These signs were stronger in severe and moderate changes, which may have made it possible to more clearly visualize the local repair effects of acupuncture.
Role of
kinins in seasonal allergic rhinitis: Icatibant, a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, abolishes the hyperresponsiveness and nasal eosinophilia induced by antigen.
ACE inhibitors/ARBs contribute to efferent arteriolar dilatation and reduction in intraglomerular pressure by causing an increase in
kinins and also glomerular hypertrophy and fibrosis9.
Xylene induces inflammation involving release of various inflammatory mediators, such as
kinins, histamine and fibrinolysin, which further causes vasodilation and increase vascular permeability (Li et al., 2011).
There is an interplay between increased peptides hormones from the kallikreinkinin system (e.g.,
kinins), which reduces (AngII and blood pressure during acute and chronic events (19).
Increase in
kinins on post-exercise hypotension in normotensive and hypertensive volunteers.
[17] As the process of carrageenan induced paw oedema is considered to involve a biphasic response; the first phase is attributed to the release of histamine, 5-HT and
kinins in the first hour, while the second phase is related to the release of prostaglandins like substances in 2-3 hours.
(4-7) In addition, BR2 is optimally stimulated by the full sequence of BK or Lys-BK, while BR1 is sensitive to fragments of
kinins without the C-terminal arginine (des-Arg9-BK, Lys-des-Arg9-BK).
Inflammation itself arises from myriad etiologic pathways, with multiple inflammatory mediators potentially involved, including histamines, cytokines, eicosanoids (for example, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes), complement cascade components,
kinins, fibrinopeptide enzymes, nuclear factor-kappa B, and free radicals.
As an important element of the kallikrein/kinin system (KKS), tissue kallikrein can cleave low-molecule kininogen into
kinins (e.g., bradykinin and kallidin).
At the molecular level, this process relies on a complex intracellular interaction network orchestrated by chemoattractant gradient of growth factors, cytokines,
kinins, chemokines, BS, CC, coagulation, and fibrinolysis cascades [5-8].