Table 1: Lepton and quark families for the binary rotational groups [a, b, c], their j-invariant proportionality constant N, and the predicted mass values for the quarks based upon group-to -group N ratios with the
charm quark mass [1.5 GeV] and bottom quark mass [5 GeV] as reference masses for ratios of the "up-like" and "down-like" quark states, respectively.
Previous experimental constraints on the branching fractions of t [right arrow] q[gamma] (with q representing an up or
charm quark) from the ep collider HERA are 0.29% from ZEUS [26] and 0.64% from H1 [27] at the 95% confidence level (CL).
"In the story, particle physicists at the LHC report that a pentaquark contains a
charm quark and its antimatter counterpart," Terry Breen wrote in an e-mail.
For instance, a proton is composed by two up quarks and one down quarks (uud); a neutron is composed by one up quark and two down quarks (udd); a pion, [[pi].sup.+], is composed by one up quark and one down antiquark (u[bar.d]); a charmed sigma, [[SIGMA].sup.++.sub.c], is composed by two up quarks and one
charm quark (uu[bar.c]); and so on.
The particles' masses, decay products and other data indicated a composition of a
charm quark, its antimatter counterpart, two up quarks and a down quark.
The unmatter does exists, for example some messons and antimessons, through for a trifling of a second lifetime, so the pions are unmatter (which have the composition u^d and ud^, where by u^ we mean anti-up quark, d = down quark, and analogously u = up quark and d^ = anti-down quark, while by ^ means anti), the kaon [K.sup.+] (us^), [K.sup.-] (u^s), Phi ([ss^), [D.sup.+] (cd^), [D.sup.0](cu^), [D.sup.+.sub.s] (cs^), J/Psi (cc^), [B.sup.-] (bu^), [B.sup.0] (db^), [B.sup.0.sub.s] (sb^), Upsilon (bb^), where c =
charm quark, s = strange quark, b = bottom quark, etc.
This is because of large
charm quark mass and different times scales for
charm quark and charm hadron production.