per / Indo-European roots
Examples of words with the root per: afford, approach, appropriate, approve, approximate, arpent, before, deprive, far, firn, first, for, for-, fore, fore-, foremost, former, forth, frae, Frau, Frey, Freya, fro, from, frump, furnish, further, hysteron proteron, imprimis, improbity.
per1
Base of prepositions and preverbs with the basic meanings of "forward" "through" and a wide range of extended senses such as "in front of" "before" "early" "first" "chief" "toward" "against" "near" "at" "around"
▲ Derivatives include far, paradise, afford, first, protein, veneer, probe, privy, pristine, priest.
I. Basic form *per and extended form *peri.
1. a. turnverein from Middle High German vereinen, to unite, from Old High German far-; b. farklempt from Yiddish farklemmen, to clamp, choke up, from Middle High German verklemmen, from Old High German far-; c. veer2 from Middle Dutch vieren, to let out, slacken; d. Germanic compound *fer-getan (see ghend-); e. frump from Middle Dutch verrompelen, to wrinkle. a-d all from Germanic *fer-, *far-, used chiefly as an intensive prefix denoting destruction, reversal, or completion.
2. Suffixed (comparative) form *per-ero-, farther away. far from Old English feor(r), far, from Germanic *fer(e)ra.
3. per, per-; paramount, paramour, parget, parterre, parvenu from Latin per, through, for, by.
4. peri-; perissodactyl from Greek peri, around, near, beyond.
5. a. pantoum, puggree from Sanskrit pari-, couch; b. paradise from Avestan pairi-, around; c. bard2, purdah from Old Persian pari, around, over; d. Old Iranian compound *pari-vāraka- (see wer-4). a-d all from Indo-Iranian *pari-, around.
6. perestroika from Old Russian pere-, around, again, from Slavic *per-.
II. Zero-grade form *pr̥-.
1. a. for from Old English for, before, instead of, on account of; b. for- from Old English for-, prefix denoting destruction, pejoration, exclusion, or completion. Both a and b from Germanic *fur, before, in.
2. Extended form *pr̥t-. forth; afford from Old English forth, from Germanic *furth-, forward.
3. Suffixed (comparative) form *pr̥-tero-. further from Old English furthra, furthor, farther away, from Germanic *furthera-.
4. a. Compound *pr̥-st-i- or *por-st-i-, with o-grade form *por- (see stā-); b. porrect from Latin por-, forth, forward. Both a and b from Latin por- from *pr̥-.
5. Suffixed form *pr̥-sōd. parget from Latin porrō, forward.
III. Extended zero-grade form *pr̥ə-.
1. Suffixed (superlative) form *pr̥ə-mo-. a. former2 from Old English forma, first, from Germanic *fruma-, *furma-; b. foremost from Old English formest, first, from Germanic *frumista-, *furmista-; c. Latin compound prandium, "first meal" late breakfast, lunch (probably < *prām-d-ium < *pr̥əm-(e)d-yo-; second element *-(e)d-, to eat; see ed-).
2. Suffixed (superlative) form *pr̥ə-isto-. first from Old English fyrst, fyrest, first, from Germanic *furista-, foremost.
3. Suffixed form *pr̥ə-wo-. a. prow from Greek prōira, forward part of a ship, from analogically suffixed form *prōw-arya; b. protein, protist, proto-, proton from Greek prōtos, first, foremost, from suffixed (superlative) form *prōw-ato-. Both a and b from Greek *prōwo-, first, foremost.
4. Suffixed form *pr̥ə-i. arpent from Latin arepennis, half-acre (second element obscure), from Gaulish ari (combining form are-), before, from Celtic *(p)ari, *are.
IV. Extended form *pr̥əā̆.
1. a. fore, fore-; forefather from Old English fore, for, before; b. vorlage from Old High German fora, before; c. before from Old English beforan, before, from Germanic prefixed and suffixed form *bi-fora-na, in the front (*bi-, at, by; see ambhi). a-c all from Germanic *fura, before.
2. para-1; palfrey from Greek para, beside, alongside of, beyond.
3. Purana from Sanskrit purā, before.
V. Extended form *prō̆.
1. a. frae, fro; froward from Old Norse frā, from, from Germanic *fra, forward, away from; b. Germanic *fra-, completely, in compounds (see ed-, aik-).
2. Suffixed form *prō̆-mo-. a. frame, from from Old English fram, forward, from, from Germanic *fram, from; b. furnish, furniture, veneer from Old French f(o)urnir, to supply, provide, from Germanic derivative verb *frumjan, to further, from Germanic *frum, forward; c. pram2 from Czech prám, raft.
3. Suffixed form *prō-wo-. a. (i) Frau, Fräulein from Old High German frouwa, lady; (ii) Freya from Old Norse freyja, lady. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *frōwō-, lady, lengthened-grade feminine of *frawan-; lord; b. Frey from Old Norse Freyr, from Germanic *frawa-, alteration of *frawan-. lord; c. form *prō-wo-, independently created in Slavic. naprapathy from Old Church Slavonic pravŭ, true.
4. pride, pro1, pro-1, prodigality, proud, prowess; improve, purchase from Latin prō, prō̆-, before, for, instead of.
5. Suffixed form *prō-no-. prone from Latin prōnus, leaning forward.
6. Possible suffixed form *pro-ko-. reciprocal from Latin compound reciprocus, alternating, "backward and forward" (*re-ko-, backward; see re-)
7. Suffixed adverb *pro-kwe. a. approach, rapprochement, reproach from Latin prope, near; b. suffixed form *prokw-inkwo-. propinquity from Latin propinquus, near; c. suffixed (superlative) form *prokw-isamo-. proximate; approximate from Latin proximus, nearest.
8. Compound *pro-bhw-o-, growing well or straightforward (*bhw-o-, to grow; see bheuə-) probable, probe, probity, proof, prove; approve, improbity, reprove from Latin probus, upright, good, virtuous.
9. pro-2 from Greek pro, before, in front, forward.
10. Suffixed (comparative) form *pro-tero-. hysteron proteron, Proterozoic from Greek proteros, before, former.
11. Prakrit from Sanskrit pra-, before, forth.
12. Celtic *ro-, intensive prefix. galore from Old Irish roar, enough, from Celtic compound *ro-wero-, sufficiency (*-wero-, from root *wer-, also the source of Old Irish feraid, he supplies, provides).
VI. Extended forms *prai-, *prei-.
2. Suffixed (comparative) form *prei-yos-. prior2 from Latin prior, former, higher, superior.
3. Suffixed form *prei-wo-. a. private, privilege, privity, privy; deprive from Latin prīvus, single, alone (< "standing in front" "isolated from others"); b. proper, property; appropriate, expropriate, proprioception, proprioceptor, proprium from Latin proprius, one's own, particular (< prōprīvō, in particular, from the ablative of prīvus, single; prō, for; see V. 4.).
4. Extended form *preis-. a. Suffixed (superlative) form *preis-mo-. (i) premier, primal, primary, primate, prime, primitive, primo, primus; imprimis, primavera1, primeval, primipara, primogenitor, primogeniture, primordial from Latin prīmus (< *prīsmus; ablative plural prīmīs), first, foremost; (ii) prince, principal, principle from Latin compound prīnceps, "he who takes first place" leader, chief, emperor (-ceps"-taker"; see kap-); b. suffixed form *preis-tano-. pristine from Latin prīstinus, former, earlier, original.
VII. Extended form *pres- in compound *pres-gwu-, "going before" (*gw-u-, going; see gwā-) presbyter, Prester John, priest; presbyopia from Greek presbus, old, old man, elder.
VIII. Extended form *proti. pros- from Greek pros, against, toward, near, at.
[Pokorny 2. A. per 810.]
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